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v10France
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1---
2name: fr-personal-income-tax
3description: >
4 Comprehensive French personal income tax (impôt sur le revenu / IR) guide for all individuals.
5 Trigger on phrases like "impôt sur le revenu", "IR France", "barème progressif",
6 "quotient familial", "décote", "prélèvement à la source", "PAS", "CEHR",
7 "contribution exceptionnelle hauts revenus", "CDHR", "déclaration 2042",
8 "revenus exceptionnels", "quotient pour revenus exceptionnels", "TMI",
9 "taux marginal d'imposition", "tranches d'imposition France", "parts fiscales",
10 "parent isolé case T", "pension alimentaire déduction", "réductions d'impôt",
11 "crédits d'impôt", "emploi à domicile", "dons associations", "plafonnement niches fiscales",
12 "non-résident fiscal France", "exit tax", "impatriation", "PUMA cotisation subsidiaire",
13 "calcul IR France", "simulation impôt sur le revenu", "avis d'imposition".
14 Covers the full IR computation sequence: progressive brackets, quotient familial with
15 plafonnement, décote, CEHR, CDHR, prélèvement à la source, deductions/reductions/credits,
16 non-residents, and special cases. For capital gains see fr-capital-gains, for rental
17 income see fr-rental-income, for crypto see fr-crypto-tax.
18version: 1.0
19jurisdiction: FR
20tax_year: 2025
21category: international
22---
23 
24# France — Personal Income Tax (Impôt sur le Revenu) — Comprehensive Guide v1.0
25 
26> **Based on work by [Romain Simon (@romainsimon)](https://github.com/romainsimon/paperasse)**, licensed under MIT. Adapted for the OpenAccountants format.
27 
28> **Disclaimer:** This skill is for informational purposes only and does not constitute tax advice. All positions must be reviewed and signed off by a qualified expert-comptable or avocat fiscaliste before filing. Get this reviewed at **openaccountants.com**.
29 
30---
31 
32## Section 1 — Quick Reference
33 
34| Field | Value |
35|---|---|
36| Country | France (République française) |
37| Tax | Impôt sur le Revenu (IR) + Prélèvements sociaux + CEHR + CDHR |
38| Currency | EUR only |
39| Tax year | Calendar year (1 January – 31 December) |
40| Primary legislation | Code Général des Impôts (CGI), art. 197 |
41| Tax authority | Direction Générale des Finances Publiques (DGFiP) |
42| Filing portal | impots.gouv.fr (espace particulier) |
43| Filing deadline | Late May / early June (varies by département, online) |
44| Key forms | 2042, 2042-C, 2042-C-PRO, 2042-IFI, 2047, 2074, 2086 |
45 
46---
47 
48## Section 2 — Full IR Computation Sequence
49 
50**Never skip a step. Each intermediate must be computed.**
51 
52```
531. Revenus bruts par catégorie
54 ↓ abattements spécifiques (10% salaires, 10% pensions, 40% dividendes if barème…)
552. Revenus nets catégoriels
56 ↓ somme
573. Revenu brut global (RBG)
58 ↓ déductions (PER, pension alimentaire, CSG déductible N-1)
594. Revenu Net Imposable (RNI)
60 ↓ ÷ nombre de parts
615. Quotient
62 ↓ application du barème progressif
636. Impôt par part
64 ↓ × nombre de parts
657. Impôt brut
66 ↓ plafonnement du gain QF
678. Impôt après QF
68 ↓ décote (if impôt < threshold)
699. Impôt après décote
70 ↓ − réductions d'impôt (floor at 0)
7110. Impôt après réductions
72 ↓ − crédits d'impôt (refundable — can be negative)
7311. Impôt net
74 + Prélèvements sociaux (separate, on capital income)
75 + CEHR (if RFR > thresholds)
76 + CDHR (if effective rate < 20% floor)
77 = Total tax liability
78```
79 
80---
81 
82## Section 3 — Progressive Rate Table (Barème IR)
83 
84### 2025 Brackets (revenus 2025, déclaration 2026) — per part
85 
86| Revenu net imposable (EUR/part) | Rate | Cumulative tax at top of bracket |
87|---|---|---|
88| 0 – 11,600 | 0% | 0 |
89| 11,601 – 29,579 | 11% | 1,977.69 |
90| 29,580 – 84,577 | 30% | 18,477.09 |
91| 84,578 – 181,917 | 41% | 58,386.49 |
92| Above 181,917 | 45% | — |
93 
94*Tranches LFI 2026 (revenus 2025, indexation +0.9%). Source: art. 197 CGI.*
95 
96### Worked Example — Single, RNI = EUR 40,000, 1 part
97 
98| Bracket | Calculation | Tax |
99|---|---|---|
100| 0 – 11,600 | 11,600 × 0% | 0 |
101| 11,601 – 29,579 | 17,979 × 11% | 1,977.69 |
102| 29,580 – 40,000 | 10,421 × 30% | 3,126.30 |
103| **Total** | | **5,103.99** |
104 
105---
106 
107## Section 4 — Abattements (Standard Deductions) by Income Category
108 
109| Income type | 2042 box | Abattement | Min / Max | Notes |
110|---|---|---|---|---|
111| Salaries (salaires) | 1AJ/1BJ | 10% | min EUR 509, max EUR 14,555 | Or opt for frais réels |
112| Pensions / retirement | 1AS/1BS | 10% | min EUR 450, max EUR 4,446 per household | |
113| **Unemployment (ARE)** | **1AP/1BP** | **None** | — | Common trap: never put in 1AJ |
114| Dividends (option barème) | 2DC | 40% | — | Only under barème option |
115| Dividends (PFU) | 2DC | None | — | |
116| Micro-BNC | 5TE | 34% | min EUR 305, ceiling EUR 77,700 | |
117| Micro-foncier (bare rental) | 4BE | 30% | ceiling EUR 15,000 | |
118| Micro-BIC LMNP long-term | 5ND | 50% | ceiling EUR 77,700 | |
119| Micro-BIC furnished tourism unclassified | 5ND | 30% | ceiling EUR 15,000 | Loi Le Meur |
120| Micro-BIC furnished tourism classified | 5NG | 50% | ceiling EUR 77,700 | |
121 
122**Salary terminology trap:**
123 
124| Term | Where found | Value |
125|---|---|---|
126| Salaire brut | Pay slip — top | Before contributions |
127| Salaire net | Pay slip — deposited amount | After contributions, before non-deductible CSG |
128| **Salaire net imposable (1AJ)** | **Pay slip — dedicated line** | **Amount declared in box 1AJ** |
129| RNI (after abattement) | Avis d'imposition | 1AJ × 0.9 (standard range) |
130 
131---
132 
133## Section 5 — Quotient Familial (Family Quotient)
134 
135### Parts de base (base shares)
136 
137| Situation | Base parts |
138|---|---|
139| Single, divorced, separated | 1 |
140| Married / PACSed (joint filing) | 2 |
141| Widowed without children | 1 |
142| Widowed with child(ren) | 2 (+ child parts) |
143 
144### Majoration for children
145 
146| Child rank | Additional parts |
147|---|---|
148| 1st child | +0.5 |
149| 2nd child | +0.5 |
150| 3rd child and each subsequent | +1.0 each |
151 
152**Special cases:**
153- Shared custody (résidence alternée): half the above values (0.25 / 0.25 / 0.5)
154- Disabled child (carte CMI-invalidité): +0.5 additional part
155- Single parent (parent isolé, case T): +0.5 on first child
156 
157### Examples
158 
159| Household | Total parts |
160|---|---|
161| Single, no children | 1 |
162| Single, 1 child | 1.5 (or 2 if parent isolé) |
163| Married, 0 children | 2 |
164| Married, 2 children | 3 |
165| Married, 3 children | 4 |
166 
167### Plafonnement du gain QF (QF capping)
168 
169**Critical mechanism often forgotten.** The tax benefit from supplementary half-parts (children) is capped.
170 
171**Algorithm:**
172 
173```
174tax_with_all_parts = normal calculation with all parts
175tax_without_children = calculation with base parts only (1 or 2)
176actual_gain = tax_without_children − tax_with_all_parts
177 
178cap_per_half_part = EUR 1,807 (revenus 2025)
179nb_supplementary_halves = (total_parts − base_parts) × 2
180max_gain = cap_per_half_part × nb_supplementary_halves
181 
182final_tax = tax_without_children − min(actual_gain, max_gain)
183```
184 
185**Practical consequence:** above approximately EUR 90,000–100,000 RNI for a couple with 2 children, the QF benefit plateaus at EUR 3,614 (2 × EUR 1,807).
186 
187**Parent isolé (case T):** the half-part for single parents has its own higher cap (EUR 4,273 for the first child-related part). Widowed with children: cap EUR 4,273.
188 
189---
190 
191## Section 6 — Décote (Low-Income Smoothing)
192 
193Applied **after** QF plafonnement, **before** reductions/credits.
194 
195### Formulas (revenus 2025)
196 
197| Situation | Condition | Décote formula |
198|---|---|---|
199| Single | Impôt brut < EUR 1,982 | 897 − 0.4525 × impôt brut |
200| Couple | Impôt brut < EUR 3,277 | 1,483 − 0.4525 × impôt brut |
201 
202**The décote cannot make the tax negative (floor at 0).**
203 
204### Effective marginal rate in the décote zone
205 
206In the décote zone, each additional euro of income:
207- Increases tax at the bracket rate
208- Reduces the décote by 0.4525 × that amount
209 
210Effective marginal rate ≈ bracket_rate × 1.4525. A household in the 11% bracket can face ~16% effective marginal rate in the décote zone.
211 
212---
213 
214## Section 7 — CEHR (Contribution Exceptionnelle sur les Hauts Revenus)
215 
216Base: **RFR** (revenu fiscal de référence), not RNI. Added on top of IR net. Art. 223 sexies CGI.
217 
218| Situation | 3% bracket | 4% bracket |
219|---|---|---|
220| Single | EUR 250,001 – 500,000 | > EUR 500,000 |
221| Couple | EUR 500,001 – 1,000,000 | > EUR 1,000,000 |
222 
223Smoothing possible over the average of the 2 preceding years.
224 
225---
226 
227## Section 8 — CDHR (Contribution Différentielle sur les Hauts Revenus)
228 
229**Distinct from CEHR.** Imposes a **20% floor** on effective tax rate for high-RFR households. Art. 224 CGI, created by LFI 2025 (loi n° 2025-127), extended by LFI 2026 until deficit < 3% GDP.
230 
231| Situation | RFR threshold |
232|---|---|
233| Single, widowed, separated, divorced | > EUR 250,000 |
234| Couple (married or PACSed, joint filing) | > EUR 500,000 |
235 
236**Mechanism:** if (IR + CEHR) / adjusted RFR < 20%, the CDHR tops up the difference.
237 
238**Automatic calculation** by the administration after filing. Advance of 95% due between 1–15 December via impots.gouv.fr PAS service.
239 
240**Typical profiles affected:** executives with large PFU dividends (effective IR ~12.8% while RFR > 250k), business angels with large capital gains, RSU/BSPCE vesting years.
241 
242---
243 
244## Section 9 — Prélèvement à la Source (PAS — Withholding at Source)
245 
246### Two mechanisms
247 
248| Mechanism | Income types | Collector |
249|---|---|---|
250| Retenue à la source (withholding) | Salaries, pensions, unemployment | Employer / pension fund / Pôle Emploi |
251| Acompte contemporain (advance payment) | BIC, BNC, BA, rental income, received alimony | DGFiP via bank debit (monthly or quarterly) |
252 
253### Rate types
254 
255| Rate type | Description |
256|---|---|
257| Personalised (default) | Calculated by DGFiP from last filing |
258| Individualised (couples) | Separate rates per spouse — same total, different split |
259| Neutral (non-personalised) | Grid for single with no children — confidentiality option |
260 
261### Modulation
262 
263- **Downward:** allowed if estimated gap > 5%. Penalty 10% if gap > 10% and unjustified (art. 1729 G CGI).
264- **Upward:** allowed without minimum threshold.
265- **Life change:** marriage, PACS, birth, divorce, death — signal within **60 days** (art. 204 I CGI).
266 
267### Annual settlement
268 
269PAS is an **advance**, not final. Declaration in Apr-Jun N+1 leads to:
2701. Definitive IR calculated on year N income
2712. Compared with total withheld in N
2723. **Balance due** (September N+1, spread if > EUR 300) or **refund** (July-August N+1)
273 
274### January advance for tax credits
275 
276DGFiP pays a **60% advance** mid-January based on N-2 expenses (emploi à domicile, garde d'enfant, dons, Pinel). Adjusted in summer N+1. Option to renounce in December if expense won't recur.
277 
278---
279 
280## Section 10 — Deductions, Reductions, and Credits
281 
282### Fundamental distinction
283 
284| Mechanism | Acts on | Refundable if excess? | Calculation step |
285|---|---|---|---|
286| **Déduction** | Taxable income (RNI) | N/A | Step 3 |
287| **Réduction** | Tax due | No — floor at 0 | Step 9 |
288| **Crédit** | Tax due | Yes — refunded | Step 10 |
289 
290A EUR 1,000 deduction at TMI 30% saves EUR 300. A EUR 1,000 credit saves EUR 1,000.
291 
292### Key deductions (act on RNI)
293 
294| Deduction | Limit | Notes |
295|---|---|---|
296| PER (épargne retraite) | 10% of professional income, min EUR 4,710, max EUR 37,680 | Report unused caps 3 years; couple mutualisation |
297| Pension alimentaire (child support) | Capped annually | Proof of need and actual payment required |
298| CSG déductible | 6.8% of capital income CSG | Only if barème option on capital in N-1; zero under PFU |
299| Frais réels (actual expenses) | Replaces 10% salary abattement | Must document every expense |
300 
301### Key reductions (floor at 0)
302 
303**Subject to the EUR 10,000 global cap (plafonnement des niches fiscales):**
304 
305| Device | Rate | Notes |
306|---|---|---|
307| Pinel | Spread over 6/9/12 years | Last vintage 2024 — in extinction |
308| FCPI / FIP | 18% – 25% of investment | Separate investment ceiling |
309| Denormandie | Similar to Pinel, older housing | Targeted to degraded town centres |
310 
311**Outside the EUR 10,000 cap:**
312 
313| Device | Rate | Notes |
314|---|---|---|
315| Dons associations (charitable gifts) | 66% standard; 75% for poverty relief (up to EUR 1,000/year) | Excess above 20% of taxable income reportable 5 years |
316| Cotisations syndicales (union dues) | 66% | Cap: 1% of gross salary |
317| Girardin industriel (overseas) | Variable | Specific conditions |
318 
319### Key credits (refundable)
320 
321| Credit | Rate | Ceiling | Notes |
322|---|---|---|---|
323| Emploi à domicile (home help) | 50% | EUR 12,000/year (max credit EUR 6,000); +EUR 1,500 per child or person 65+ (max EUR 15,000) | CESU+ instant advance available since 2022 |
324| Garde d'enfant hors domicile (childcare) | 50% | EUR 3,500/child (max credit EUR 1,750/child) | Child under 6 at 1 January |
325 
326### Global cap on tax incentives (plafonnement des niches fiscales)
327 
328**EUR 10,000 per year** (EUR 18,000 for specific overseas investments).
329 
330Devices "inside the cap" (Pinel, FCPI, etc.) are summed. If total exceeds EUR 10,000, the excess is **lost** (not reportable).
331 
332Devices "outside the cap" (charitable gifts, home help credit) are unlimited by this mechanism.
333 
334---
335 
336## Section 11 — Special Cases
337 
338### Revenus exceptionnels — Quotient mechanism
339 
340Smoothing for one-off income (RSU vesting, departure indemnity, exceptional bonus) that would artificially push through multiple brackets.
341 
342**Formula (coefficient = 4):**
343 
344```
345supplementary_tax = [IR(ordinary_income + exceptional/4) − IR(ordinary_income)] × 4
346```
347 
348**Conditions:**
349- Income exceeds the average of taxable income over the 3 preceding years
350- Exceptional, non-recurring character
351- Explicit request on the declaration
352 
353**Useless if** the household is already at TMI 45% — the marginal rate doesn't change with division.
354 
355### Non-residents
356 
357- Taxed only on **French-source income** (art. 164 A CGI)
358- Minimum rate: 20% on fraction ≤ EUR 27,519 and 30% above (revenus 2025)
359- No quotient familial beyond 2 parts; no décote
360- Tax treaty analysis required — out of scope for complex cases
361 
362### PUMA — Cotisation subsidiaire maladie
363 
364Affects individuals with low professional income but significant capital income.
365 
366| Condition | Threshold (2025) |
367|---|---|
368| Professional income below | ~20% PASS ≈ EUR 9,420 |
369| Capital income above | ~50% PASS ≈ EUR 23,550 |
370 
371Rate: **6.5%** on (capital income − 50% PASS). Collected by URSSAF, not DGFiP. Non-deductible from IR.
372 
373**Trap:** commonly forgotten in FIRE / early-retirement simulations — adds ~6.5% on top of PS.
374 
375### Year of marriage / PACS
376 
377Joint filing for the entire year (since 2011), or separate filing on option. Compute both to find more favourable.
378 
379### Year of divorce / separation
380 
381Separate filing for the full year. Case T (parent isolé) available for the parent with sole custody.
382 
383### Year of spouse's death
384 
385Joint filing from 1 January to date of death. Separate filing for the surviving spouse for the remainder.
386 
387### Statute of limitations (droit de reprise)
388 
389| Tax | Standard period |
390|---|---|
391| IR | 3 years |
392| IFI | 6 years |
393| All taxes (undisclosed activity / fraud) | 10 years |
394 
395**Document retention:** minimum 6 years (recommended: 10 years).
396 
397---
398 
399## Section 12 — Conservative Defaults
400 
401| Ambiguity | Default |
402|---|---|
403| Filing status unknown | Single, 1 part |
404| Number of children unknown | 0 |
405| Regime unknown | Barème progressif (no PFU option) |
406| Credit eligibility unclear | No credit applied |
407| PAS rate unknown | Standard personalised rate |
408| ARE vs salary unclear | Classify as ARE (no 10% abattement — conservative) |
409 
410---
411 
412## Section 13 — Key Legal References
413 
414| Rule | Article |
415|---|---|
416| Progressive brackets | art. 197 CGI |
417| Quotient familial | art. 194–195 CGI |
418| QF capping | art. 197-2 CGI |
419| Décote | art. 197-4° CGI |
420| 10% salary abattement | art. 83-3° CGI |
421| CEHR | art. 223 sexies CGI |
422| CDHR | art. 224 CGI |
423| PAS | art. 204 A to 204 N CGI |
424| Exceptional income quotient | art. 163-0 A CGI |
425| PER deduction | art. 163 quatervicies CGI |
426| Non-residents | art. 164 A to 165 CGI |
427| Tax residence definition | art. 4 B CGI |
428| Charitable gifts | art. 200 CGI |
429| Home help credit | art. 199 sexdecies CGI |
430| Childcare credit | art. 200 quater B CGI |
431| Global cap (niches) | art. 200-0 A CGI |
432| PUMA | art. L. 380-2 CSS |
433 
434---
435 
436*OpenAccountants — open-source tax computation skills*
437*This output must be reviewed by a qualified professional before filing or acting upon.*
438*Latest verified skills: **openaccountants.com** | Report errors: **github.com/openaccountants/openaccountants***
439 

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Comprehensive French personal income tax (impôt sur le revenu / IR) guide for all individuals. Trigger on phrases like "impôt sur le revenu", "IR France", "barème progressif", "quotient familial", "décote", "prélèvement à la source", "PAS", "CEHR", "contribution exceptionnelle hauts revenus", "CDHR", "déclaration 2042", "revenus exceptionnels", "quotient pour revenus exceptionnels", "TMI", "taux marginal d'imposition", "tranches d'imposition France", "parts fiscales", "parent isolé case T", "pension alimentaire déduction", "réductions d'impôt", "crédits d'impôt", "emploi à domicile", "dons associations", "plafonnement niches fiscales", "non-résident fiscal France", "exit tax", "impatriation", "PUMA cotisation subsidiaire", "calcul IR France", "simulation impôt sur le revenu", "avis d'imposition". Covers the full IR computation sequence: progressive brackets, quotient familial with plafonnement, décote, CEHR, CDHR, prélèvement à la source, deductions/reductions/credits, non-residents, and special cases. For capital gains see fr-capital-gains, for rental income see fr-rental-income, for crypto see fr-crypto-tax.

FRty-2025

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