Philippines VAT Skill v2.0

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Section 1 — Quick reference

Field	Value
Country	Philippines (Republika ng Pilipinas)
Tax	Value Added Tax (VAT)
Currency	PHP (Philippine Peso / ₱)
Tax year	Calendar year (1 Jan – 31 Dec)
Standard rate	12%
Zero rate	0% (exports; services to non-residents; PEZA/BOI-registered enterprises; international transport)
Exempt	Agricultural products (unprocessed), educational services, medical/hospital services, housing below threshold (PHP 3.199M), financial services (some), life insurance premiums, importation of basic necessities
Registration threshold	PHP 3,000,000 per year in gross sales/receipts
Non-VAT (percentage tax)	3% on gross receipts for non-VAT-registered (< PHP 3M); quarterly Form 2551Q
Tax authority	Bureau of Internal Revenue (BIR)
Monthly return	BIR Form 2550M (due: 20th of following month)
Quarterly return	BIR Form 2550Q (due: 25th of month following quarter end)
Filing portal	EFPS (Electronic Filing and Payment System) — https://efps.bir.gov.ph
Tax invoice	Official Receipt (OR) or Sales Invoice — BIR-registered
TIN	Tax Identification Number (9 or 12 digits)
RDO	Revenue District Office — taxpayer's registered district
Contributor	Open Accountants Community
Validated by	Pending — requires sign-off by a Philippine CPA or tax practitioner
Skill version	2.0

Key Form 2550M/Q lines

Line	Meaning
Part I-A	Sales/receipts at 12% (net of VAT)
Part I-B	Zero-rated sales
Part I-C	Exempt sales
Part II	Output VAT at 12%
Part III	Input VAT from domestic purchases
Part IV	Input VAT from importation
Part V	Net input VAT available
Part VI	VAT payable (Part II − Part V)
Part VII	Tax credits/excess credit
Part VIII	Net VAT still due

Conservative defaults

Ambiguity	Default
Unknown rate on a sale	12% standard
Unknown counterparty country	Domestic Philippines
Unknown export/zero-rate qualification	12% until evidence confirmed
Unknown business-use % (vehicle, phone)	0% input VAT
Unknown whether Official Receipt compliant	No input credit
Unknown B2B vs B2C for digital services	12% domestic
Unknown PEZA status	Not zero-rated until certificate confirmed

Red flag thresholds

Threshold	Value
HIGH single transaction	PHP 500,000
HIGH tax delta on single default	PHP 60,000
MEDIUM counterparty concentration	>40% of output or input
MEDIUM conservative default count	>4 per period
LOW absolute net VAT position	PHP 200,000

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Section 2 — Required inputs and refusal catalogue

Required inputs

Minimum viable — bank statement for the period in CSV, PDF, or pasted text. TIN and confirmation of VAT registration (Certificate of Registration — COR, BIR Form 2303).

Recommended — Official Receipts (ORs) or Sales Invoices for all output VAT, supplier ORs/invoices for all input VAT claimed, prior period excess credit.

Ideal — complete sales/purchase journal, import entries, prior quarterly return, EFPS filing confirmation.

Refusal if minimum missing — SOFT WARN. No bank statement = hard stop. "Input VAT credits require BIR-registered Official Receipts (OR) or Sales Invoices from VAT-registered suppliers. All credits are provisional pending receipt verification."

Refusal catalogue

R-PH-1 — Non-VAT (percentage tax) taxpayer. "Businesses below the PHP 3M threshold pay percentage tax (3% of gross receipts) via Form 2551Q, not VAT. They cannot register ORs for VAT and cannot recover input VAT. This skill covers VAT-registered businesses only."

R-PH-2 — PEZA/BOI zero-rating complex structures. "PEZA-registered enterprises have specific zero-rating rules for sales within the ecozone. If the client sells to a PEZA entity and claims zero-rating, verify the PEZA certificate — if complex, escalate to a Philippine CPA."

R-PH-3 — Partial exemption with mixed supplies. "If the business makes both taxable and exempt supplies and cannot directly attribute input VAT, an allocation is required. Out of scope without the annual ratio — escalate."

R-PH-4 — Withholding VAT (Final Withholding VAT). "Certain transactions (e.g., payments by government, non-residents) are subject to final withholding VAT. If significant government contracts exist, track separately — escalate to a CPA."

R-PH-5 — Digital service providers (non-residents). "Non-resident digital service providers with Philippine consumption must register for VAT under the Digital Economy Taxation Act. Out of scope for domestic filers."

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Section 3 — Supplier pattern library

Match by case-insensitive substring on counterparty name or reference. Most specific match wins. Fall through to Section 5 if no match.

3.1 Philippine banks — fees and charges (exempt / exclude)

Pattern	Treatment	Notes
BDO UNIBANK, BANCO DE ORO	EXCLUDE (fee lines)	Financial service — VAT exempt
BANK OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS, BPI	EXCLUDE (fee lines)	Same
METROBANK, METROPOLITAN BANK	EXCLUDE (fee lines)	Same
UNIONBANK OF THE PHILIPPINES	EXCLUDE (fee lines)	Same
SECURITY BANK	EXCLUDE (fee lines)	Same
LANDBANK OF THE PHILIPPINES, LBP	EXCLUDE (fee lines)	Same
PHILIPPINE NATIONAL BANK, PNB	EXCLUDE (fee lines)	Same
CHINA BANKING, CHINABANK	EXCLUDE (fee lines)	Same
RCBC, RIZAL COMMERCIAL BANKING	EXCLUDE (fee lines)	Same
GCASH, G-XCHANGE (GXI)	EXCLUDE (fee lines)	E-wallet — financial service
MAYA, PAYMAYA	EXCLUDE (fee lines)	E-wallet — financial service
SEABANK	EXCLUDE (fee lines)	Digital bank — financial service
SERVICE CHARGE, BANK FEE, INTEREST	EXCLUDE	Bank charges/interest — exempt

3.2 Philippine government and statutory (exclude)

Pattern	Treatment	Notes
BUREAU OF INTERNAL REVENUE, BIR	EXCLUDE	Tax payment
BUREAU OF CUSTOMS, BOC	EXCLUDE	Customs duty
SOCIAL SECURITY SYSTEM, SSS	EXCLUDE	Social insurance
PHILHEALTH	EXCLUDE	Health insurance
PAG-IBIG, HDMF	EXCLUDE	Housing fund
SEC PHILIPPINES	EXCLUDE	Regulatory fee
LGU, BARANGAY, CITY HALL	EXCLUDE	Local government fee

3.3 Philippine utilities (taxable at 12%)

Pattern	Treatment	Rate	Notes
MERALCO, MANILA ELECTRIC	Input 12%	12%	Electricity (Metro Manila) — taxable
CEPALCO (Cagayan de Oro electric)	Input 12%	12%	Electricity — taxable
VECO (Visayas Electric)	Input 12%	12%	Electricity — taxable
MANILA WATER	Input 12%	12%	Water (East Zone) — taxable
MAYNILAD WATER SERVICES	Input 12%	12%	Water (West Zone) — taxable
PLDT, PHILIPPINE LONG DISTANCE	Input 12%	12%	Telecom/internet — taxable
GLOBE TELECOM	Input 12%	12%	Mobile/internet — taxable
SMART COMMUNICATIONS, SMART	Input 12%	12%	Mobile — taxable
DITO TELECOMMUNITY	Input 12%	12%	Mobile — taxable
CONVERGE ICT	Input 12%	12%	Internet — taxable

3.4 Transport and logistics

Pattern	Treatment	Rate	Notes
PHILIPPINE AIRLINES, PAL	Check route	0%/12%	International 0%; domestic 12%
CEBU PACIFIC	Check route	0%/12%	International 0%; domestic 12%
AIRASIA PHILIPPINES	Check route	0%/12%	International 0%; domestic 12%
PHILIPPINE NATIONAL RAILWAYS, PNR	Input 12%	12%	Rail — taxable
LRT, MRT (Metro Rail Transit)	Input 12%	12%	Mass transit — taxable
GRAB PHILIPPINES	Input 12%	12%	Ride-hailing — taxable
ANGKAS	Input 12%	12%	Motorcycle taxi — taxable
LBC EXPRESS	Input 12%	12%	Courier — taxable
JRS EXPRESS	Input 12%	12%	Courier — taxable
DHL PHILIPPINES	Input 12%	12%	Courier — taxable
FEDEX PHILIPPINES	Input 12%	12%	Courier — taxable
2GO EXPRESS	Input 12%	12%	Courier — taxable
NINJA VAN PHILIPPINES	Input 12%	12%	Courier — taxable
J&T EXPRESS PHILIPPINES	Input 12%	12%	Courier — taxable

3.5 Food and retail

Pattern	Treatment	Rate	Notes
SM SUPERMARKET, SM MARKETS	Input 12%	12%	Supermarket — 12% on non-exempt items
ROBINSONS SUPERMARKET	Input 12%	12%	Supermarket — 12%
PUREGOLD	Input 12%	12%	Supermarket — 12%
S&R MEMBERSHIP SHOPPING	Input 12%	12%	Warehouse club — 12%
MERCURY DRUG	Input 12% (medicine) / EXEMPT (prescription)	Mixed	Prescription medicines exempt; OTC/non-medicine 12%
WATSONS PHILIPPINES	Input 12%	12%	Health/beauty retail — 12%
7-ELEVEN PHILIPPINES	Input 12%	12%	Convenience store — 12%
JOLLIBEE (eat-in)	Input 12%	12%	Restaurant — 12% (food not exempt when eaten in)
MCDONALD'S PHILIPPINES	Input 12%	12%	Restaurant — 12%

3.6 SaaS — international suppliers (note: PH now has digital VAT)

Under the Digital Economy Taxation Act (R.A. 11976, signed 2024), non-resident digital service providers must register for Philippine VAT. For B2B PKP buyers: input credit claimable if the foreign supplier charges and remits 12% VAT.

Pattern	Status	Treatment	Notes
GOOGLE (Workspace, Ads, Cloud)	Should be registered	Input 12% if charged	Check if Google charges PH VAT on invoice
MICROSOFT (365, Azure)	Should be registered	Input 12% if charged	Same
META, FACEBOOK ADS	Should be registered	Input 12% if charged	Same
NETFLIX	Registered	12% on subscription	Consumer-facing
ZOOM	Check	Input 12% if charged	Verify registration
SLACK	Check	Input 12% if charged	Verify
NOTION, OPENAI, ANTHROPIC	Check	Flag for verification	Verify PH registration status
AWS	Check	Input 12% if charged	Verify

3.7 Payment processors (exempt fees)

Pattern	Treatment	Notes
PAYPAL (transaction fees)	EXCLUDE	Financial service — VAT exempt
STRIPE (transaction fees)	EXCLUDE	Same
GCASH (transaction fees)	EXCLUDE	Same
PAYMONGO (fees)	EXCLUDE	Payment gateway — exempt
DRAGONPAY (fees)	EXCLUDE	Same

3.8 Professional services (VAT-registered)

Pattern	Treatment	Rate	Notes
CPA FIRM, ACCOUNTING FIRM	Input 12%	12%	Professional services — taxable
LAW FIRM, ATTY, ATTORNEY	Input 12%	12%	Legal services — taxable
NOTARY PUBLIC	Input 12%	12%	Notarial services — taxable
ADVERTISING AGENCY	Input 12%	12%	Marketing — taxable

3.9 Internal transfers and exclusions

Pattern	Treatment	Notes
INTER-ACCOUNT TRANSFER, OWN ACCOUNT	EXCLUDE	Internal movement
LOAN PROCEEDS, LOAN REPAYMENT	EXCLUDE	Loan principal — out of scope
SALARY, PAYROLL	EXCLUDE	Wages — outside VAT scope
DIVIDEND	EXCLUDE	Out of scope
SECURITY DEPOSIT, ADVANCE DEPOSIT	Tier 2 — check	May trigger VAT if applied to taxable supply
ATM WITHDRAWAL, CASH WITHDRAWAL	Tier 2 — ask	Default exclude

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Section 4 — Worked examples

Six classifications from a hypothetical Manila-based IT consultant. Format: BDO Unibank transaction history.

Example 1 — Domestic B2B revenue (12%)

Input line: 04/15/2025 CREDIT ABC TECH SOLUTIONS INC REF INV-2025-041 PHP 1,120,000.00 PHP 5,000,000.00

Reasoning: Incoming PHP 1,120,000 from a Philippine company for IT consulting. Standard 12% VAT. Gross PHP 1,120,000 includes VAT. Net = PHP 1,000,000 (taxable base) + PHP 120,000 output VAT. A BIR-registered Official Receipt or Service Invoice must be issued. Report on Form 2550M Part I-A.

Classification: Output VAT 12% — PHP 120,000. Net sales: PHP 1,000,000.

Example 2 — Zero-rated export service

Input line: 04/22/2025 CREDIT ACME CORPORATION USA USD 10,000 (PHP 560,000.00) PHP 5,560,000.00

Reasoning: USD receipt from a US company for IT consulting services rendered to a non-resident. Zero-rated if: (1) service rendered in the Philippines; (2) paid by a non-resident in foreign currency; (3) proceeds inwardly remitted through Philippine banking. Report PHP 560,000 on Form 2550M Part I-B (zero-rated). Output VAT: PHP 0. Confirm: inward remittance documentation held.

Classification: Zero-rated — PHP 560,000. Output VAT: PHP 0.

Example 3 — Utility expense (12%, input credit)

Input line: 04/10/2025 DEBIT MERALCO April 2025 Electric Bill -PHP 11,200.00 PHP 4,988,800.00

Reasoning: MERALCO electricity bill. Taxable at 12%. Gross PHP 11,200 includes VAT. Net = PHP 10,000 + PHP 1,200 input VAT. MERALCO issues BIR-registered ORs — input credit of PHP 1,200 claimable. Report on Form 2550M Part III.

Classification: Input VAT 12% — PHP 1,200. Net expense: PHP 10,000.

Example 4 — International airline (domestic route, 12%)

Input line: 04/08/2025 DEBIT CEBU PACIFIC AIR Manila-Cebu ticket -PHP 4,480.00 PHP 4,984,320.00

Reasoning: Domestic flight (Manila to Cebu) on Cebu Pacific. Domestic air transport is taxable at 12%. Gross PHP 4,480. Net = PHP 4,000 + PHP 480 input VAT. Cebu Pacific issues VAT ORs for domestic tickets — input credit of PHP 480 claimable if OR is BIR-registered.

Classification: Input VAT 12% — PHP 480. Net expense: PHP 4,000.

Example 5 — Exempt supply received (SSS contribution)

Input line: 04/25/2025 DEBIT SOCIAL SECURITY SYSTEM SSS April 2025 -PHP 4,500.00 PHP 4,979,820.00

Reasoning: SSS employer contribution. Government social insurance — EXCLUDE from VAT return entirely. Not a supply of goods or services. No input VAT. This is a payroll-related obligation, not a business expense generating input credit.

Classification: EXCLUDE — outside VAT scope. Statutory employer obligation.

Example 6 — Restaurant (12%, no block in Philippines)

Input line: 04/12/2025 DEBIT JOLLIBEE FOODS CORP Client lunch -PHP 1,120.00 PHP 4,978,700.00

Reasoning: Client lunch at Jollibee. In the Philippines, there is no absolute block on entertainment/meals input VAT (unlike Malta). Restaurant meals are taxable at 12%. If a BIR-registered OR is obtained, input VAT of PHP 120 is claimable (PHP 1,120 gross / 1.12 = PHP 1,000 net + PHP 120 VAT). However, BIR scrutinises entertainment claims — ensure business purpose is documented. If no OR: no credit.

Classification: Input VAT 12% — PHP 120 (if OR held). Net expense: PHP 1,000. Flag: confirm BIR-registered OR from Jollibee.

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Section 5 — Tier 1 rules (compressed)

5.1 Standard rate 12%

Default rate for all taxable supplies of goods and services. Legislation: National Internal Revenue Code (NIRC) Section 106 (goods) and Section 108 (services).

5.2 Zero rate — exports and qualifying supplies

Zero-rated: export of goods; services rendered to non-residents paid in foreign currency (with inward remittance); services to PEZA-registered entities within ecozones; services to BOI-registered enterprises (specific cases); international transport of passengers and cargo. Evidence: export documentation; inward remittance records; PEZA certificate. Legislation: NIRC Sections 106(A)(2) and 108(B).

5.3 Exempt supplies

Agricultural products in original state; educational services; medical/hospital services; literary/musical compositions; housing below PHP 3,199,200 (BIR threshold); lease of residential unit below PHP 15,000/month; life insurance premiums; common carriers below threshold; importation of basic necessities. Legislation: NIRC Sections 109.

5.4 Official Receipt (OR) / Sales Invoice requirements

BIR-registered ORs or Sales Invoices are required for input credit. Must contain: TIN of seller and buyer, BIR-registered serial number, date, description, net amount, VAT rate, VAT amount. Electronic invoices allowed via EFPS-registered providers.

5.5 Input VAT limitations

Input VAT is not creditable for: entertainment/representation expenses (limited — see Section 6.1); motor vehicles not used exclusively for business; purchases from non-VAT-registered suppliers; purchases without valid ORs.

5.6 Transitional input VAT

Beginning inventory VAT credit available upon VAT registration (2% of inventory value or actual input VAT on goods for sale, whichever is higher).

5.7 Filing deadlines

Return	Period	Due date
Form 2550M (monthly)	Monthly	20th of following month
Form 2550Q (quarterly)	Quarterly	25th of month following quarter
Payment	Same as filing	Same deadline

5.8 Penalties

Offence	Penalty
Late filing	PHP 1,000 per return + 25% surcharge
Late payment	12% interest per annum on unpaid tax
Failure to issue OR	50% surcharge on transaction + compromise penalty
Fraud/falsification	50% surcharge + criminal liability

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Section 6 — Tier 2 catalogue

6.1 Entertainment expense input VAT limit

What it shows: Restaurant, hotel, or entertainment expense claimed as business entertainment. What's missing: Whether BIR-registered OR held and whether expense is within the entertainment deduction limit. Conservative default: No input credit (treat as personal if OR not confirmed). Question to ask: "Is there a BIR-registered OR for this entertainment expense? Is this within the 0.5% of net sales / 1% of net revenue entertainment ceiling?"

6.2 Zero-rating for services to non-residents

What it shows: Revenue from a foreign client. What's missing: Whether payment was received in foreign currency with inward remittance through a Philippine bank. Conservative default: 12% standard rate. Question to ask: "Was payment received in USD/foreign currency? Was it remitted through a Philippine bank (with bank credit advice)? Is the client a non-resident foreign company?"

6.3 PEZA zero-rating

What it shows: Sale to a company that may be PEZA-registered. What's missing: PEZA registration certificate and whether the supply is within the ecozone. Conservative default: 12% — do not zero-rate without certificate. Question to ask: "Can the buyer provide their PEZA Certificate of Registration and authority to zero-rate?"

6.4 Digital services — foreign provider VAT status

What it shows: Payment to a foreign tech/SaaS company. What's missing: Whether the foreign provider has registered for Philippine VAT (post-Digital Economy Act 2024) and whether they are charging 12% VAT on invoices. Conservative default: No input credit until confirmed. Question to ask: "Does the invoice from this foreign provider show Philippine VAT (12%) charged? If not, no input credit is available."

6.5 Motor vehicle expenses

What it shows: Vehicle purchase, lease, fuel, or maintenance. What's missing: Whether vehicle is used exclusively for business. Conservative default: 0% input credit. Question to ask: "Is this vehicle registered in the company name and used exclusively for business? Personal-use vehicles and mixed-use vehicles have limited input VAT recovery."

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Section 7 — Excel working paper template

PHILIPPINES VAT WORKING PAPER
Period: ____________  TIN: ____________  RDO: ____________

A. OUTPUT VAT
  A1. Taxable sales at 12% (net)               ___________
  A2. Output VAT at 12% (A1 × 12%)             ___________
  A3. Zero-rated sales (exports/non-resident)  ___________
  A4. Exempt sales (net)                        ___________

B. INPUT VAT
  B1. Domestic purchases — 12% (net)           ___________
  B2. Input VAT at 12% (B1 × 12%)              ___________
  B3. Importation input VAT                    ___________
  B4. Total input VAT (B2+B3)                  ___________
  B5. Disallowed input (blocked items)         ___________
  B6. Net input VAT (B4 − B5)                  ___________

C. NET VAT PAYABLE
  C1. Net VAT (A2 − B6)                         ___________
  C2. Excess credit from prior period           ___________
  C3. Tax credits (e.g., CWT, advance payments) ___________
  C4. Net payable / (refund) (C1−C2−C3)         ___________

REVIEWER FLAGS:
  [ ] BIR-registered ORs/invoices confirmed for all input credits?
  [ ] Inward remittance documentation for zero-rated services?
  [ ] PEZA certificates confirmed for zero-rated sales to ecozone?
  [ ] Digital service provider VAT registration confirmed?
  [ ] Motor vehicle input VAT blocked where applicable?
  [ ] Entertainment ceiling calculated?

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Section 8 — Bank statement reading guide

Common Philippine bank statement formats

Bank	Key columns	Date format	Amount
BDO	Date, Reference, Description, Debit, Credit, Balance	MM/DD/YYYY	PHP with 2 decimals
BPI	Date, Transaction Reference, Description, Withdrawal, Deposit, Balance	MM/DD/YYYY	PHP
Metrobank	Date, Description, Debit, Credit, Balance	MM/DD/YYYY	PHP
UnionBank	Date, Description, Debit, Credit, Available Balance	MM/DD/YYYY	PHP
Landbank	Posting Date, Description, Debit, Credit, Running Balance	MM/DD/YYYY	PHP

Key Philippine banking terms

Term	Meaning	Classification hint
CREDIT / DEPOSIT	Incoming funds	Potential revenue
DEBIT / WITHDRAWAL	Outgoing payment	Potential expense
INWARD REMITTANCE	Foreign currency receipt	Potential zero-rated export
SERVICE CHARGE	Bank fee	Exempt
INTEREST	Bank interest	Exempt
BALANCE	Running balance	Ignore
ATM WITHDRAWAL	Cash withdrawal	Tier 2 — ask
PAYROLL DEBIT	Salary payment	Out of VAT scope

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Section 9 — Onboarding fallback

If the client provides a bank statement but cannot answer all questions immediately:

1. Classify all transactions using the pattern library (Section 3)
2. Apply conservative defaults (Section 1)
3. Mark Tier 2 items as "PENDING — reviewer must confirm"
4. Generate working paper with flags

PHILIPPINES VAT ONBOARDING — MINIMUM QUESTIONS
1. TIN (Tax Identification Number) and RDO (Revenue District Office)?
2. Certificate of Registration (BIR Form 2303) — VAT registered? What is the effective date?
3. Filing basis: monthly (2550M) or monthly + quarterly (2550Q)?
4. Do you have any exports or services to non-resident clients?
   If yes: was payment received in foreign currency with inward remittance?
5. Do you have any PEZA-registered customers?
6. Motor vehicle expenses — are vehicles exclusively for business?
7. Any international SaaS subscriptions? Do those invoices show 12% Philippine VAT?
8. Prior period excess input VAT credit carried forward?

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Section 10 — Reference material

Key legislation

Topic	Reference
VAT on goods	NIRC Section 106
VAT on services	NIRC Section 108
Zero-rated sales	NIRC Sections 106(A)(2), 108(B)
Exempt transactions	NIRC Section 109
Input VAT	NIRC Section 110
Official Receipts	NIRC Section 237
Registration threshold	NIRC Section 109(BB) (PHP 3M)
Digital economy VAT	R.A. 11976 (Digital Economy Taxation Act, 2024)
Penalties	NIRC Sections 248–249

Known gaps

• PEZA zero-rating complex structures — escalate to CPA
• Final withholding VAT on government transactions — track separately
• Percentage tax (non-VAT registered) — separate Form 2551Q; different skill
• Import VAT (Bureau of Customs process) — coordinate with customs broker
• Digital Economy VAT implementation — verify BIR RMC for latest guidance

Self-check before filing

• BIR-registered ORs/invoices held for all input VAT claimed
• Inward remittance documentation for all zero-rated services
• PEZA certificates on file for any PEZA zero-rated sales
• Digital service VAT registration confirmed for foreign suppliers
• Prior period excess credit correctly applied
• Entertainment input VAT within the BIR ceiling

Changelog

Version	Date	Change
1.0	2024	Initial release
2.0	April 2026	Full v2.0 rewrite: pattern library, worked examples, Digital Economy Act note, no inline tier tags

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Prohibitions

• NEVER claim input VAT from a supplier who is not BIR VAT-registered
• NEVER zero-rate services to non-residents without inward remittance documentation
• NEVER zero-rate PEZA sales without the buyer's PEZA certificate
• NEVER claim input VAT from foreign SaaS providers without confirming Philippine VAT registration
• NEVER apply 12% to exempt supplies (unprocessed agriculture, medical, education, etc.)
• NEVER present calculations as definitive — direct to a Philippine CPA or BIR-accredited tax practitioner

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Disclaimer

This skill and its outputs are provided for informational and computational purposes only and do not constitute tax, legal, or financial advice. Open Accountants and its contributors accept no liability for errors, omissions, or outcomes. All outputs must be reviewed by a qualified professional before filing.

The most up-to-date version is maintained at openaccountants.com.

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