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v10Netherlands
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1---
2name: netherlands-financial-statements
3description: >
4 Use this skill when preparing, reviewing, or advising on annual financial statements (jaarrekening) for a Dutch company. Trigger on phrases like "jaarrekening", "KvK filing", "Kamer van Koophandel", "BW2 Titel 9", "Dutch GAAP", "RJ richtlijnen", "deponeren", "annual accounts Netherlands", "audit Netherlands", "small BV", "micro BV", or any question about preparing and filing statutory accounts under Dutch law. Covers Dutch GAAP (RJ guidelines), size thresholds, required statements, formats, notes, filing deadlines, and audit requirements.
5version: 1.0
6jurisdiction: NL
7category: financial-statements
8depends_on:
9 - financial-statements-workflow-base
10---
11 
12# Netherlands Financial Statements Skill v1.0
13 
14---
15 
16## Section 1 -- Quick Reference
17 
18| Field | Value |
19|---|---|
20| Country | Netherlands (Koninkrijk der Nederlanden) |
21| Currency | EUR |
22| Filing authority | Kamer van Koophandel (KvK) — Chamber of Commerce |
23| Primary legislation | Burgerlijk Wetboek Boek 2, Titel 9 (BW2 Title 9), Articles 2:360–2:446 |
24| Supporting guidelines | Richtlijnen voor de Jaarverslaggeving (RJ — Dutch Accounting Standards Board) |
25| Accounting standards | Dutch GAAP (Title 9 BW2 + RJ guidelines); IFRS-EU optional for individual accounts |
26| Financial year | Usually calendar year; any 12-month period permitted |
27| Filing deadline | 8 days after adoption; adoption within 5 months (+6 months extension possible = max 12 months from year-end) |
28| Late filing penalty | Director liability exposure (Art. 2:248 BW2) — presumption of mismanagement in bankruptcy |
29| Digital filing | SBR (Standard Business Reporting) via Digipoort; mandatory for small/micro from 2024 |
30 
31---
32 
33## Section 2 -- Reporting Framework
34 
35| Entity type | Applicable standard |
36|---|---|
37| All BVs, NVs, cooperatives, mutual guarantee associations | BW2 Title 9 + RJ guidelines |
38| Micro entities (Art. 2:395a) | Minimal requirements; very limited disclosure |
39| Small entities (Art. 2:396) | Reduced preparation and publication requirements |
40| Medium entities (Art. 2:397) | Full preparation; some filing exemptions |
41| Large entities | Full Title 9 requirements |
42| Listed groups (consolidated) | IFRS-EU mandatory |
43| Non-listed (individual or consolidated) | Dutch GAAP or IFRS-EU (choice, with restrictions) |
44 
45---
46 
47## Section 3 -- Size Thresholds
48 
49Effective for financial years beginning on or after 1 January 2024 (Implementatiewet):
50 
51| Criterion | Micro (Art. 2:395a) | Klein/Small (Art. 2:396) | Middelgroot/Medium (Art. 2:397) | Groot/Large |
52|---|---|---|---|---|
53| Balanstotaal (Total assets) | ≤ EUR 450,000 | ≤ EUR 7,500,000 | ≤ EUR 25,000,000 | > EUR 25,000,000 |
54| Netto-omzet (Net turnover) | ≤ EUR 900,000 | ≤ EUR 15,000,000 | ≤ EUR 50,000,000 | > EUR 50,000,000 |
55| Werknemers (Employees) | < 10 | < 50 | < 250 | ≥ 250 |
56 
57Must satisfy **2 out of 3** criteria on balance sheet dates of **two consecutive** financial years.
58 
59---
60 
61## Section 4 -- Required Financial Statements
62 
63| Document | Micro | Small | Medium | Large |
64|---|---|---|---|---|
65| Balans (Balance sheet) | Required (very simple) | Required (abbreviated) | Required (full) | Required (full) |
66| Winst-en-verliesrekening (P&L) | Not required to file | Not required to file | Required (abridged ok) | Required (full) |
67| Kasstroomoverzicht (Cash flow statement) | Not required | Not required | Required | Required |
68| Toelichting (Notes) | Minimal | Abbreviated | Required | Required (full) |
69| Bestuursverslag (Management report) | Not required | Not required to file | Required | Required |
70| Accountantsverklaring (Auditor's report) | Not required | Not required | Required | Required |
71 
72---
73 
74## Section 5 -- Year-End Adjustments Checklist
75 
76| # | Adjustment | Netherlands-specific notes |
77|---|---|---|
78| 1 | Afschrijvingen (Depreciation) | RJ 212; systematic over useful life; componentisation |
79| 2 | Voorzieningen (Provisions) | RJ 252; best estimate of expenditure; discounting if time value material |
80| 3 | Overlopende activa/passiva (Accruals) | Transitoria; strict matching |
81| 4 | Voorziening dubieuze debiteuren (Bad debts) | Individual assessment + statistical allowance |
82| 5 | Voorraden (Inventory) | RJ 220; lower of cost (FIFO/weighted average) and net realisable value; no LIFO |
83| 6 | Latente belastingen (Deferred tax) | RJ 272; balance sheet liability method; Vpb rate 25.8% (>EUR 200k) / 19% (≤EUR 200k) |
84| 7 | Vreemde valuta (Foreign currency) | RJ 122; closing rate for monetary items |
85| 8 | Leasing | RJ 292; finance/operating distinction (similar to IAS 17, not IFRS 16) |
86| 9 | Pensioenen (Pensions) | RJ 271; contribution-based or obligation-based |
87| 10 | Jubileumvoorziening (Anniversary provision) | Required if obligation exists |
88| 11 | Onderhoud voorziening (Maintenance) | Big maintenance provision (RJ 212.442+) |
89| 12 | Wettelijke reserve (Statutory reserves) | Required for capitalised development costs, participations, FX translation |
90 
91---
92 
93## Section 6 -- Winst-en-verliesrekening Format (P&L)
94 
95BW2 Art. 2:377 — model by nature (categoriale model):
96 
97```
98Netto-omzet (Net turnover)
99Wijziging in voorraden gereed product en onderhanden werk
100Geactiveerde productie eigen bedrijf
101Overige bedrijfsopbrengsten
102 
103Kosten van grond- en hulpstoffen (Raw materials)
104Kosten uitbesteed werk (Subcontracted work)
105Lonen en salarissen (Wages and salaries)
106Sociale lasten (Social security costs)
107Afschrijvingen (Depreciation and amortisation)
108Overige bedrijfskosten (Other operating expenses)
109 
110 ─── Bedrijfsresultaat (Operating result) ───
111 
112Opbrengst van vorderingen (Interest income)
113Opbrengst van effecten (Investment income)
114Rentebaten en soortgelijke opbrengsten
115Rentelasten en soortgelijke kosten (Interest expense)
116Waardeveranderingen financiële vaste activa
117 
118 ─── Resultaat uit gewone bedrijfsuitoefening vóór belastingen ───
119 
120Belastingen resultaat uit gewone bedrijfsuitoefening (Tax)
121 ─── Resultaat uit gewone bedrijfsuitoefening ná belastingen ───
122 
123Buitengewone baten (Extraordinary income)
124Buitengewone lasten (Extraordinary expenses)
125Belastingen buitengewoon resultaat
126 
127 ─── Resultaat na belastingen (Net result) ───
128```
129 
130---
131 
132## Section 7 -- Balans Format (Balance Sheet)
133 
134BW2 Art. 2:364 — standard format:
135 
136```
137ACTIVA (Assets)
138 
139Vaste activa (Fixed assets)
140 Immateriële vaste activa (Intangible fixed assets)
141 Kosten van ontwikkeling
142 Concessies, vergunningen, intellectuele eigendom
143 Goodwill
144 Materiële vaste activa (Tangible fixed assets)
145 Bedrijfsgebouwen en -terreinen
146 Machines en installaties
147 Andere vaste bedrijfsmiddelen
148 Vaste bedrijfsmiddelen in uitvoering
149 Financiële vaste activa (Financial fixed assets)
150 Deelnemingen
151 Vorderingen op groepsmaatschappijen
152 Overige effecten
153 
154Vlottende activa (Current assets)
155 Voorraden (Inventories)
156 Vorderingen (Receivables)
157 Effecten (Securities)
158 Liquide middelen (Cash)
159 
160─────────────────────────────────────
161 
162PASSIVA (Equity and Liabilities)
163 
164Eigen vermogen (Equity)
165 Gestort en opgevraagd kapitaal (Share capital)
166 Agio (Share premium)
167 Wettelijke reserves (Statutory reserves)
168 Overige reserves (Other reserves)
169 Onverdeeld resultaat (Retained earnings)
170 
171Voorzieningen (Provisions)
172 Pensioenvoorzieningen
173 Belastingvoorzieningen
174 Overige voorzieningen
175 
176Langlopende schulden (Long-term liabilities)
177Kortlopende schulden (Current liabilities)
178```
179 
180---
181 
182## Section 8 -- Toelichting (Notes to Accounts)
183 
184| # | Disclosure | Micro | Small | Medium | Large |
185|---|---|---|---|---|---|
186| 1 | Accounting policies | Not required | Required | Required | Required |
187| 2 | Fixed asset movements | Not required | Required (summary) | Required | Required |
188| 3 | Maturity of long-term debts | Not required | Required | Required | Required |
189| 4 | Contingent liabilities/guarantees | Required | Required | Required | Required |
190| 5 | Related party transactions | Not required | Required (RJ 330) | Required | Required |
191| 6 | Employee numbers | Not required | Average number | By category | By category |
192| 7 | Directors' remuneration | Not required | Not required (small) | Required | Required |
193| 8 | Auditor fees | Not required | Not required | Required | Required |
194| 9 | Financial instruments | Not required | If applicable | Required | Required |
195| 10 | Tax reconciliation | Not required | Not required | Required | Required |
196| 11 | Statutory reserves specification | Not required | Required | Required | Required |
197| 12 | Subsequent events | Not required | Required | Required | Required |
198 
199---
200 
201## Section 9 -- Filing Requirements
202 
203| Item | Detail |
204|---|---|
205| Filing authority | Kamer van Koophandel (KvK) — Handelsregister |
206| Filing method | SBR (Standard Business Reporting) via Digipoort — mandatory for most entities |
207| Adoption deadline | 5 months after balance sheet date (extendable by shareholder resolution by further 5 months — max 10 months) |
208| If not adopted in time | File draft accounts within 2 months of the 5+5 month deadline (i.e., max 12 months) |
209| Filing deadline | 8 days after adoption (Art. 2:394) |
210| Maximum from year-end | 12 months + 8 days (if full extension used) |
211| Late filing consequence | Presumption of mismanagement by directors in case of bankruptcy (Art. 2:248) |
212| No monetary fine | But exposure to personal liability is severe |
213| Language | Dutch (English permitted for certain entities under specific conditions) |
214 
215### What must be filed by size
216 
217| Size | Documents to file (deponeren) |
218|---|---|
219| Micro | Balance sheet + limited notes only |
220| Small | Balance sheet + abbreviated notes (no P&L, no management report) |
221| Medium | Balance sheet + abridged P&L + notes + auditor's report |
222| Large | Full accounts + management report + auditor's report |
223 
224---
225 
226## Section 10 -- Audit Requirements
227 
228| Category | Audit requirement |
229|---|---|
230| Micro entity | Exempt |
231| Small entity (Art. 2:396) | Exempt |
232| Medium entity (Art. 2:397) | Mandatory (Art. 2:393) |
233| Large entity | Mandatory |
234| Listed / Public Interest Entity (OOB) | Mandatory; AFM-registered auditor |
235| 403-declaration entity | Exempt if parent guarantees liabilities and files consolidated accounts |
236 
237### Art. 2:403 Group exemption
238 
239A subsidiary may be exempt from filing individual accounts and audit if:
240- Parent company issues a liability declaration (403-verklaring)
241- Consolidated accounts are filed at KvK
242- Shareholders consent (or do not object within deadline)
243 
244### Auditor qualification
245 
246Registeraccountant (RA) or Accountant-Administratieconsulent (AA) with audit authority, registered with the NBA (Koninklijke Nederlandse Beroepsorganisatie van Accountants). For OOB entities, auditor must hold AFM licence.
247 
248---
249 
250## Disclaimer
251 
252This skill and its outputs are provided for informational and computational purposes only and do not constitute tax, legal, or financial advice. Open Accountants and its contributors accept no liability for any errors, omissions, or outcomes arising from the use of this skill. All outputs must be reviewed and signed off by a qualified professional before filing or acting upon.
253 

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Use this skill when preparing, reviewing, or advising on annual financial statements (jaarrekening) for a Dutch company. Trigger on phrases like "jaarrekening", "KvK filing", "Kamer van Koophandel", "BW2 Titel 9", "Dutch GAAP", "RJ richtlijnen", "deponeren", "annual accounts Netherlands", "audit Netherlands", "small BV", "micro BV", or any question about preparing and filing statutory accounts under Dutch law. Covers Dutch GAAP (RJ guidelines), size thresholds, required statements, formats, notes, filing deadlines, and audit requirements.

NLty-2025

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