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eu-intra-rates.md303 lines13.9 KB
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| 1 | --- |
| 2 | name: eu-intra-rates |
| 3 | version: 1.0 |
| 4 | category: cross-border |
| 5 | --- |
| 6 | |
| 7 | # EU Intra-Community Treaty Rates |
| 8 | |
| 9 | ## Quick Reference |
| 10 | |
| 11 | | Field | Value | |
| 12 | |-------|-------| |
| 13 | | Jurisdiction | EU Member States (intra-community) | |
| 14 | | Corridors Covered | DE-FR, DE-NL, DE-IT, DE-ES, FR-IT, FR-ES, FR-BE, NL-BE, ES-PT, IT-MT, AT-DE, SE-DK-NO (Nordic Convention) | |
| 15 | | Last Verified | May 2026 | |
| 16 | | Key Note | EU Parent-Subsidiary Directive (0% dividends, 10%+ holding) and Interest & Royalties Directive (0% for 25%+ associated companies) often override treaty rates. Treaty rates below apply when directives do NOT apply (below thresholds, unrelated parties, individuals). | |
| 17 | |
| 18 | --- |
| 19 | |
| 20 | ## When Do EU Directives NOT Apply? |
| 21 | |
| 22 | The EU Parent-Subsidiary Directive and Interest & Royalties Directive eliminate WHT in many intra-EU situations, but they have limitations: |
| 23 | |
| 24 | 1. **Parent-Subsidiary Directive (2011/96/EU):** Requires minimum 10% shareholding for at least 2 years. Does not cover portfolio dividends or individuals. |
| 25 | 2. **Interest & Royalties Directive (2003/49/EC):** Requires 25% direct shareholding between associated companies. Does not cover unrelated parties or individuals. |
| 26 | 3. **Below-threshold situations:** When shareholding requirements are not met, bilateral treaty rates apply. |
| 27 | 4. **Anti-abuse:** Both directives contain anti-abuse provisions; if denied, treaty rates are the fallback. |
| 28 | |
| 29 | The treaty rates below are relevant when these EU-level exemptions do not apply. |
| 30 | |
| 31 | --- |
| 32 | |
| 33 | ## Germany → France |
| 34 | |
| 35 | | Income Type | Treaty Rate | Treaty Article | Notes | |
| 36 | |-------------|------------|----------------|-------| |
| 37 | | Dividends — portfolio | 15% | Art 9 | Below PSA threshold | |
| 38 | | Dividends — substantial (≥10% capital) | 5% | Art 9 | Between 10% and PSA threshold | |
| 39 | | Interest | 0% | Art 10 | Taxable only in residence state | |
| 40 | | Royalties | 0% | Art 11 | Taxable only in residence state | |
| 41 | |
| 42 | **Source:** Germany-France Convention (revised). PwC Germany WHT table. |
| 43 | **Special provisions:** Both states agreed to 0% interest/royalties bilaterally regardless of relationship. PSA Directive covers most corporate dividends above 10%. |
| 44 | **Last verified:** May 2026 |
| 45 | |
| 46 | --- |
| 47 | |
| 48 | ## Germany → Netherlands |
| 49 | |
| 50 | | Income Type | Treaty Rate | Treaty Article | Notes | |
| 51 | |-------------|------------|----------------|-------| |
| 52 | | Dividends — portfolio | 15% | Art 10 | Standard rate | |
| 53 | | Dividends — substantial (≥10% capital) | 10% | Art 10 | Intermediate rate | |
| 54 | | Dividends — substantial (≥25% capital) | 5% | Art 10 | Higher threshold for 5% | |
| 55 | | Interest | 0% | Art 11 | Taxable only in residence state | |
| 56 | | Royalties | 0% | Art 12 | Taxable only in residence state | |
| 57 | |
| 58 | **Source:** Germany-Netherlands Convention. PwC Germany and Netherlands WHT tables. |
| 59 | **Special provisions:** Three-tier dividend rate (5%/10%/15%) — Germany uses capital percentage, not voting power. Netherlands conditional WHT does not apply to German payments (Germany is not low-tax). Treaty awaiting new protocol ratification. |
| 60 | **Last verified:** May 2026 |
| 61 | |
| 62 | --- |
| 63 | |
| 64 | ## Germany → Italy |
| 65 | |
| 66 | | Income Type | Treaty Rate | Treaty Article | Notes | |
| 67 | |-------------|------------|----------------|-------| |
| 68 | | Dividends — portfolio | 15% | Art 10 | Italy domestic WHT 26% | |
| 69 | | Dividends — substantial (≥25% capital) | 10% | Art 10 | Older treaty — 25% threshold | |
| 70 | | Interest | 0%/10% | Art 11 | 0% for most; 10% for certain types | |
| 71 | | Royalties | 0%/5% | Art 12 | Split by royalty type | |
| 72 | |
| 73 | **Source:** Germany-Italy Convention. PwC Germany and Italy WHT tables. |
| 74 | **Special provisions:** Older treaty with higher substantial-holding threshold (25%). Post-Brexit, Italy-UK Interest & Royalties Directive ceased — but intra-EU Italy-Germany directive still applies for qualifying associated companies. Italy domestic royalty WHT is 30% (applied on 75% of gross). |
| 75 | **Last verified:** May 2026 |
| 76 | |
| 77 | --- |
| 78 | |
| 79 | ## Germany → Spain |
| 80 | |
| 81 | | Income Type | Treaty Rate | Treaty Article | Notes | |
| 82 | |-------------|------------|----------------|-------| |
| 83 | | Dividends — portfolio | 15% | Art 10 | Standard rate | |
| 84 | | Dividends — substantial (≥10% capital) | 5% | Art 10 | Direct investment | |
| 85 | | Interest | 0% | Art 11 | Taxable only in residence state; 15% on profit-participating | |
| 86 | | Royalties | 0% | Art 12 | Taxable only in residence state | |
| 87 | |
| 88 | **Source:** Germany-Spain Convention. PwC Germany WHT table. |
| 89 | **Special provisions:** 0% interest applies generally but 15% may apply to profit-participating debt. Spain domestic WHT on dividends to non-residents is 19%. |
| 90 | **Last verified:** May 2026 |
| 91 | |
| 92 | --- |
| 93 | |
| 94 | ## France → Italy |
| 95 | |
| 96 | | Income Type | Treaty Rate | Treaty Article | Notes | |
| 97 | |-------------|------------|----------------|-------| |
| 98 | | Dividends — portfolio | 15% | Art 10 | Below PSA threshold | |
| 99 | | Dividends — substantial (≥10% capital) | 5% | Art 10 | Direct investment | |
| 100 | | Interest | 10% | Art 11 | NOT zero — older treaty | |
| 101 | | Royalties | 0%/5% | Art 12 | Split by type | |
| 102 | |
| 103 | **Source:** France-Italy Convention. PwC France and Italy WHT tables. |
| 104 | **Special provisions:** Interest rate of 10% is higher than most intra-EU treaties. EU I&R Directive overrides to 0% for qualifying 25%+ associated companies. Italy WHT on royalties to France: 5% for some, 0% for qualifying associated companies under directive. |
| 105 | **Last verified:** May 2026 |
| 106 | |
| 107 | --- |
| 108 | |
| 109 | ## France → Spain |
| 110 | |
| 111 | | Income Type | Treaty Rate | Treaty Article | Notes | |
| 112 | |-------------|------------|----------------|-------| |
| 113 | | Dividends — portfolio | 15% | Art 10 | Standard rate | |
| 114 | | Dividends — substantial (≥10% capital) | 0% | Art 10 | Full exemption | |
| 115 | | Interest | 0%/10% | Art 11 | 0% general; 10% on certain types | |
| 116 | | Royalties | 0% | Art 12 | Full exemption | |
| 117 | |
| 118 | **Source:** France-Spain Convention. PwC France WHT table. |
| 119 | **Special provisions:** 0% dividend for ≥10% holdings mirrors PSA Directive level. Spain domestic WHT 19% on dividends to non-residents. |
| 120 | **Last verified:** May 2026 |
| 121 | |
| 122 | --- |
| 123 | |
| 124 | ## France → Belgium |
| 125 | |
| 126 | | Income Type | Treaty Rate | Treaty Article | Notes | |
| 127 | |-------------|------------|----------------|-------| |
| 128 | | Dividends — portfolio | 15% | Art 10 | Standard rate | |
| 129 | | Dividends — substantial (≥10% capital) | 10% | Art 10 | Intermediate rate | |
| 130 | | Interest | 15% | Art 11 | Relatively high for intra-EU | |
| 131 | | Royalties | 0% | Art 12 | Full exemption | |
| 132 | |
| 133 | **Source:** France-Belgium Convention. PwC France WHT table. |
| 134 | **Special provisions:** Interest rate of 15% is the highest in this set of intra-EU treaties. EU I&R Directive overrides to 0% for qualifying associated companies. Belgium 30% domestic WHT on dividends. |
| 135 | **Last verified:** May 2026 |
| 136 | |
| 137 | --- |
| 138 | |
| 139 | ## Netherlands → Belgium |
| 140 | |
| 141 | | Income Type | Treaty Rate | Treaty Article | Notes | |
| 142 | |-------------|------------|----------------|-------| |
| 143 | | Dividends — portfolio | 15% | Art 10 | Standard rate | |
| 144 | | Dividends — substantial (≥25% capital) | 5% | Art 10 | Higher threshold | |
| 145 | | Interest | 0%/10% | Art 11 | 0% general; exceptions apply | |
| 146 | | Royalties | 0% | Art 12 | Full exemption | |
| 147 | |
| 148 | **Source:** Netherlands-Belgium Convention. PwC Netherlands WHT table. |
| 149 | **Special provisions:** 25% capital threshold for reduced dividend rate is higher than modern treaties. Belgium domestic WHT on dividends is 30%. Netherlands conditional WHT does not apply to Belgium (not low-tax jurisdiction). |
| 150 | **Last verified:** May 2026 |
| 151 | |
| 152 | --- |
| 153 | |
| 154 | ## Spain → Portugal |
| 155 | |
| 156 | | Income Type | Treaty Rate | Treaty Article | Notes | |
| 157 | |-------------|------------|----------------|-------| |
| 158 | | Dividends — portfolio | 15% | Art 10 | Standard rate | |
| 159 | | Dividends — substantial (≥25% capital) | 10% | Art 10 | Older treaty threshold | |
| 160 | | Interest | 15% | Art 11 | Relatively high for intra-EU | |
| 161 | | Royalties | 5% | Art 12 | NOT zero | |
| 162 | |
| 163 | **Source:** Spain-Portugal Convention. PwC Spain WHT tables. |
| 164 | **Special provisions:** Iberian corridor with older treaty terms. Both countries have relatively high domestic WHT rates. EU directives override for qualifying associated companies. Portugal domestic WHT: dividends 25%, interest 25%, royalties 25%. |
| 165 | **Last verified:** May 2026 |
| 166 | |
| 167 | --- |
| 168 | |
| 169 | ## Italy → Malta |
| 170 | |
| 171 | | Income Type | Treaty Rate | Treaty Article | Notes | |
| 172 | |-------------|------------|----------------|-------| |
| 173 | | Dividends — portfolio | 15% | Art 10 | Standard rate | |
| 174 | | Dividends — substantial (≥25% capital) | 5% | Art 10 | Direct investment | |
| 175 | | Interest | 10% | Art 11 | Standard rate | |
| 176 | | Royalties | 10% | Art 12 | Standard rate | |
| 177 | |
| 178 | **Source:** Italy-Malta Convention. PwC Italy WHT table. |
| 179 | **Special provisions:** Key corridor for holding structures. Malta's full imputation system and 6/7ths refund mechanism interacts with treaty rates. EU PSA Directive applies for qualifying 10%+ holdings. Italy domestic WHT: dividends 26%. |
| 180 | **Last verified:** May 2026 |
| 181 | |
| 182 | --- |
| 183 | |
| 184 | ## Austria → Germany |
| 185 | |
| 186 | | Income Type | Treaty Rate | Treaty Article | Notes | |
| 187 | |-------------|------------|----------------|-------| |
| 188 | | Dividends — portfolio | 15% | Art 10 | Standard rate | |
| 189 | | Dividends — substantial (≥10% capital) | 5% | Art 10 | Direct investment | |
| 190 | | Interest | 0% | Art 11 | Taxable only in residence state | |
| 191 | | Royalties | 0% | Art 12 | Taxable only in residence state | |
| 192 | |
| 193 | **Source:** Austria-Germany Convention. PwC Germany WHT table. |
| 194 | **Special provisions:** Austrian domestic WHT on dividends is 27.5%. Zero interest and royalties reflect close economic ties. Both countries use exemption-with-progression method. EU directives also provide 0% for qualifying associated companies. |
| 195 | **Last verified:** May 2026 |
| 196 | |
| 197 | --- |
| 198 | |
| 199 | ## Nordic Convention: Sweden-Denmark-Norway |
| 200 | |
| 201 | The Nordic Convention is a multilateral treaty between Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden. |
| 202 | |
| 203 | ### Sweden → Denmark |
| 204 | |
| 205 | | Income Type | Treaty Rate | Notes | |
| 206 | |-------------|------------|-------| |
| 207 | | Dividends — portfolio | 15% | Denmark domestic WHT 27% | |
| 208 | | Dividends — qualifying company | 0% | EU PSA Directive / Nordic Convention | |
| 209 | | Interest | 0% | Denmark does not levy WHT on interest | |
| 210 | | Royalties | 0% | Full exemption | |
| 211 | |
| 212 | ### Sweden → Norway |
| 213 | |
| 214 | | Income Type | Treaty Rate | Notes | |
| 215 | |-------------|------------|-------| |
| 216 | | Dividends — portfolio | 15% | Norway domestic WHT 25% | |
| 217 | | Dividends — qualifying company | 0% | EEA participation exemption | |
| 218 | | Interest | 0% | Norway does not levy WHT on interest generally | |
| 219 | | Royalties | 0% | Full exemption | |
| 220 | |
| 221 | ### Denmark → Norway |
| 222 | |
| 223 | | Income Type | Treaty Rate | Notes | |
| 224 | |-------------|------------|-------| |
| 225 | | Dividends — portfolio | 15% | Standard rate | |
| 226 | | Dividends — qualifying company | 0% | Nordic Convention / EEA exemption | |
| 227 | | Interest | 0% | Neither country levies WHT on interest | |
| 228 | | Royalties | 0% | Full exemption | |
| 229 | |
| 230 | **Source:** Nordic Convention 1996 (in force 1997). PwC Denmark, Sweden, Norway WHT tables. |
| 231 | **Special provisions:** The Nordic Convention is a rare multilateral tax treaty. All three corridors are effectively 0% on interest and royalties. Dividend exemptions available through both the Nordic Convention and EEA participation exemption. TREKK Treaty governs collection/transfer between Nordic countries. Individual/portfolio dividends face 15% WHT. Sweden suspended its convention with Russia in February 2025. |
| 232 | **Last verified:** May 2026 |
| 233 | |
| 234 | --- |
| 235 | |
| 236 | ## Summary: Intra-EU Zero-WHT Corridors (Treaty-Level, All Three Categories) |
| 237 | |
| 238 | | Corridor | Dividends (substantial) | Interest | Royalties | |
| 239 | |----------|------------------------|----------|-----------| |
| 240 | | DE ↔ FR | 5% | 0% | 0% | |
| 241 | | DE ↔ NL | 5% | 0% | 0% | |
| 242 | | DE ↔ ES | 5% | 0% | 0% | |
| 243 | | DE ↔ AT | 5% | 0% | 0% | |
| 244 | | FR ↔ ES | 0% (≥10%) | 0% | 0% | |
| 245 | | SE ↔ DK ↔ NO | 0% (qualifying) | 0% | 0% | |
| 246 | |
| 247 | **Note:** With EU Parent-Subsidiary Directive and Interest & Royalties Directive, most intra-EU corporate payments between associated companies (≥25% for I&R, ≥10% for PSA) are at 0% regardless of treaty rates. |
| 248 | |
| 249 | --- |
| 250 | |
| 251 | ## EU Directive Quick Reference |
| 252 | |
| 253 | ### Parent-Subsidiary Directive (2011/96/EU) |
| 254 | |
| 255 | | Requirement | Detail | |
| 256 | |-------------|--------| |
| 257 | | Minimum shareholding | 10% of capital or voting rights | |
| 258 | | Holding period | At least 2 years (may be retroactive) | |
| 259 | | Company form | Listed in Directive Annex I | |
| 260 | | Subject to tax | Must be subject to corporate tax in an EU state | |
| 261 | | Result | 0% WHT on dividend distributions | |
| 262 | | Anti-abuse | GAAR introduced by 2015 amendment (2015/121/EU) | |
| 263 | |
| 264 | ### Interest & Royalties Directive (2003/49/EC) |
| 265 | |
| 266 | | Requirement | Detail | |
| 267 | |-------------|--------| |
| 268 | | Minimum shareholding | 25% direct holding of capital | |
| 269 | | Company form | Listed in Directive Annex | |
| 270 | | Subject to tax | Must be subject to corporate tax in an EU state | |
| 271 | | Relationship | Associated companies (direct 25% holding) | |
| 272 | | Result | 0% WHT on interest and royalty payments | |
| 273 | | Anti-abuse | Beneficial ownership and anti-abuse clause | |
| 274 | |
| 275 | ### When Directives Fail — Common Scenarios |
| 276 | |
| 277 | 1. **Portfolio investments:** Individual or fund holds <10% of capital → PSA Directive does not apply → treaty rate on dividends |
| 278 | 2. **Unrelated parties:** No 25% ownership link → I&R Directive does not apply → treaty rate on interest/royalties |
| 279 | 3. **Individuals:** Directives apply only to companies → individuals always fall back to treaty rates |
| 280 | 4. **Anti-abuse denial:** Tax authority denies directive benefits under GAAR → treaty rate as fallback |
| 281 | 5. **Third-country PE:** Income attributable to a PE outside the EU → directive may not apply |
| 282 | 6. **Post-Brexit UK:** UK recipients no longer qualify for either directive → bilateral treaty rates apply |
| 283 | |
| 284 | --- |
| 285 | |
| 286 | ## PE Thresholds — Intra-EU Notable Deviations |
| 287 | |
| 288 | | Corridor | Construction PE | Service PE | Notes | |
| 289 | |----------|----------------|------------|-------| |
| 290 | | DE → FR | 12 months | None | Standard OECD | |
| 291 | | DE → NL | 12 months | None | Standard OECD | |
| 292 | | DE → IT | 12 months | None | Standard OECD | |
| 293 | | FR → ES | 12 months | None | Standard OECD | |
| 294 | | Nordic Convention | 12 months | None | Standard across Nordic countries | |
| 295 | |
| 296 | Most intra-EU PE thresholds follow the OECD 12-month standard for construction projects, with no separate service PE provision. |
| 297 | |
| 298 | --- |
| 299 | |
| 300 | ## Disclaimer |
| 301 | |
| 302 | This skill and its outputs are provided for informational and computational purposes only and do not constitute tax, legal, or financial advice. Treaty rates are subject to change through protocol amendments, renegotiations, and EU directive amendments. Always verify current treaty text and EU directive applicability before relying on any rate. All outputs must be reviewed by a qualified professional before filing or acting upon. |
| 303 |
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