Use this skill whenever asked about forming, incorporating, or registering a company in Germany. Trigger on phrases like "set up a company in Germany", "GmbH formation", "UG gründen", "Handelsregister", "German company formation", "register a business Germany", "Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung", "Unternehmergesellschaft", "German notary", "Gewerbeanmeldung", or any question about starting a business entity in Germany. Covers entity types (GmbH, UG, AG, GbR, KG), registration process, capital requirements, costs, post-formation compliance, and bank account opening. ALWAYS read this skill before advising on German company formation.
Source-cited draft.Written from sources but not reviewed by a licensed practitioner, so it may be incomplete or wrong. General reference only; don't file or take a position on it without professional review.
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Quick Reference
| Field | Value | |---|---| | Country | Germany (Federal Republic of Germany) | | Currency | EUR | | Company registrar | Handelsregister (via local Amtsgericht / district court) | | Key legislation | GmbH-Gesetz (GmbHG); Handelsgesetzbuch (HGB); Aktiengesetz (AktG) | | Typical formation time | 3--6 weeks (notary to Handelsregister entry) | | Corporate tax rate | ~30% effective (15% Körperschaftsteuer + 5.5% Solidaritätszuschlag + ~14% Gewerbesteuer) | | Skill version | 1.0 |
Entity Types Comparison
| Feature | Einzelunternehmen (Sole Trader) | GmbH | UG (haftungsbeschränkt) | GbR / OHG / KG (Partnerships) | AG (Public Company) | |---|---|---|---|---|---| | Legal personality | No | Yes | Yes | GbR: No; OHG/KG: Yes | Yes | | Liability | Unlimited | Limited to share capital | Limited to share capital | Unlimited (GbR/OHG); KG: limited for Kommanditist | Limited to share capital | | Min. founders | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | | Min. share capital | N/A | €25,000 | €1 | N/A | €50,000 | | Min. paid-up at formation | N/A | €12,500 (50%) | 100% of stated capital | N/A | 25% (€12,500) | | Tax treatment | Income tax | Corporate | Corporate | Partners taxed individually | Corporate | | Notary required | No | Yes | Yes | No (except KG for Handelsregister) | Yes | | Admin burden | Low | High | High | Low--Medium | Very High |
Musterprotokoll usage
Use Musterprotokoll (standard template, §2 Abs. 1a GmbHG) for simple cases: max 3 founders, 1 Geschäftsführer, cash contributions only§2 Abs. 1a GmbHG
Custom Satzung usage
Custom Satzung for complex structures (multiple share classes, vesting, investor rights)
Notarisation requirement
Articles must be notarised (§2 GmbHG)§2 GmbHG
Video notarisation
Quick Reference
| Field | Value |
|---|---|
| Country | Germany (Federal Republic of Germany) |
| Currency | EUR |
| Company registrar | Handelsregister (via local Amtsgericht / district court) |
| Key legislation | GmbH-Gesetz (GmbHG); Handelsgesetzbuch (HGB); Aktiengesetz (AktG) |
| Typical formation time | 3--6 weeks (notary to Handelsregister entry) |
| Corporate tax rate | ~30% effective (15% Körperschaftsteuer + 5.5% Solidaritätszuschlag + ~14% Gewerbesteuer) |
| Skill version | 1.0 |
Entity Types Comparison
| Feature | Einzelunternehmen (Sole Trader) | GmbH | UG (haftungsbeschränkt) | GbR / OHG / KG (Partnerships) | AG (Public Company) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Legal personality | No | Yes | Yes | GbR: No; OHG/KG: Yes | Yes |
| Liability | Unlimited | Limited to share capital | Limited to share capital | Unlimited (GbR/OHG); KG: limited for Kommanditist | Limited to share capital |
| Min. founders | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 |
| Min. share capital | N/A | €25,000 | €1 | N/A | €50,000 |
| Min. paid-up at formation | N/A | €12,500 (50%) | 100% of stated capital | N/A | 25% (€12,500) |
| Tax treatment | Income tax | Corporate | Corporate | Partners taxed individually | Corporate |
| Notary required | No | Yes | Yes | No (except KG for Handelsregister) | Yes |
| Admin burden | Low | High | High | Low--Medium | Very High |
Recommended default: GmbH for established businesses; UG for bootstrapped startups with plan to convert to GmbH.
Capital Requirements
| Entity Type | Min. Share Capital | Min. Paid-Up at Filing | Payment Timing | In-Kind Contributions |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| GmbH | €25,000 | €12,500 (50%) | Before Handelsregister filing | Permitted (triggers higher registration fee of €360) |
| UG (haftungsbeschränkt) | €1 | 100% of stated capital | Before Handelsregister filing | NOT permitted (§5a GmbHG) |
| AG | €50,000 | 25% (€12,500) | Before registration | Permitted (independent valuation required) |
Costs Breakdown
| Cost Component | GmbH (EUR) | UG (EUR) | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| Notary fee (Musterprotokoll) | €115--€300 | €60--€150 | Based on GNotKG; scales with capital |
| Notary fee (custom Satzung) | €470--€1,500 | €300--€800 | VC-ready structures at higher end |
| Handelsregister fee | €225 | €225 | €360 if in-kind contributions |
| Gewerbeanmeldung | €15--€65 | €15--€65 | Municipality-dependent |
| Share capital deposit | €12,500 (min.) | €1 (min.) | Stays in company as working capital |
| Steuerberater (initial setup) | €500--€1,500 | €500--€1,500 | Tax registration and ELSTER |
| Total (excl. capital) | €1,300--€3,600 | €800--€2,800 |
Annual Maintenance
| Item | Cost (EUR) |
|---|---|
| IHK membership | €150--€500/year (minimum assessment) |
| Berufsgenossenschaft | From €100/year |
| Steuerberater | €2,000--€10,000/year |
| Bundesanzeiger (financial statement publication) | €50--€200 |
| Handelsregister changes | €90--€180 per entry |
Post-Formation Compliance
| Obligation | Deadline | Authority |
|---|---|---|
| Jahresabschluss (annual financial statements) | Within 6 months of year-end (11 months for small GmbH) | Bundesanzeiger (publication) |
| Offenlegung (disclosure) | Within 12 months of year-end | Bundesanzeiger |
| Körperschaftsteuererklärung (corporate tax return) | 31 July of following year (extended to Feb with Steuerberater) | Finanzamt |
| Gewerbesteuererklärung (trade tax return) | 31 July of following year | Finanzamt / municipality |
| Umsatzsteuervoranmeldung (VAT returns) | Monthly or quarterly | Finanzamt |
| Gesellschafterliste (shareholder list) | Update and file with Handelsregister on any change | Handelsregister |
| Transparenzregister | Update within 14 days of beneficial ownership changes | Transparenzregister |
Foreign Founder Considerations
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Non-resident Geschäftsführer allowed? | Yes -- no residency requirement |
| Minimum German-resident director? | No legal requirement (but practical for banking and tax) |
| Video notarisation for foreigners? | Available since 2022 for cash-only formations; requires EU-compatible eID |
| Apostille requirements | Foreign documents require apostille or legalisation + certified German translation |
| Physical presence required? | Not strictly; power of attorney (Vollmacht) accepted for notary appointment |
| Foreign ownership restrictions | None for GmbH; specific sectors (defence, critical infrastructure) may require approval under AWV |
Timeline
| Step | Duration | Cumulative |
|---|---|---|
| Draft articles / Musterprotokoll | 1--5 days | Day 1--5 |
| Notary appointment | 1--7 days | Day 2--12 |
| Open bank account (i.G.) and deposit capital | 1--3 weeks | Day 9--33 |
| Notary files with Handelsregister | 1 day | Day 10--34 |
| Handelsregister entry | 1--3 weeks | Day 17--55 |
| Gewerbeanmeldung | 1--3 days | Day 18--58 |
| Tax registration (ELSTER) | 2--6 weeks | Day 32--100 |
| Transparenzregister | 1--2 days | Day 33--102 |
| Ready to trade | ~4--8 weeks |
The main bottleneck is Handelsregister processing time, which varies significantly by court district.
This skill and its outputs are provided for informational and computational purposes only and do not constitute legal, tax, or financial advice. Open Accountants and its contributors accept no liability for any errors, omissions, or outcomes arising from the use of this skill. All outputs must be reviewed and signed off by a qualified professional before acting upon.
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Other Germany computations in the OpenAccountants Tax Library.
Video notarisation available since August 2022 for cash-only GmbH/UG
Notary prepares Handelsregister application
Notary also prepares Handelsregister application
Geschäftskonto naming
Open a Geschäftskonto in the name of "GmbH i.G." (in Gründung)
GmbH deposit requirement
GmbH: deposit min. €12,500 (50% of €25,000 minimum)
UG deposit requirement
UG: deposit 100% of stated share capital (min. €1)
Bank confirmation
Obtain bank confirmation (Bankbestätigung) for notary
Electronic submission
Notary submits electronically to the Amtsgericht
Registration fee
€225 (cash contributions) or €360 (in-kind contributions) -- effective 1 June 2025effective 1 June 2025
Legal existence date
GmbH/UG legally exists from date of Handelsregister entry (§11 Abs. 1 GmbHG)§11 Abs. 1 GmbHG
Registration requirement
Register with local Gewerbeamt (§14 GewO)§14 GewO
Fee
€15--€65 depending on municipality
Fragebogen
Complete Fragebogen zur steuerlichen Erfassung via ELSTER
Steuernummer
Obtain Steuernummer from local Finanzamt
USt-IdNr
Apply for USt-IdNr. (VAT identification number) if trading intra-EU
Registration requirement
Register beneficial owners with Transparenzregister (§20 GwG)§20 GwG
Mandatory since 2021
Mandatory since 2021 (no longer automatic from Handelsregister)
IHK membership
IHK (Chamber of Commerce) -- mandatory membership, automatic upon Gewerbeanmeldung
Berufsgenossenschaft
Berufsgenossenschaft (employer's liability insurance, §192 SGB VII) -- mandatory even without employees§192 SGB VII
Capital Requirements
| Entity Type | Min. Share Capital | Min. Paid-Up at Filing | Payment Timing | In-Kind Contributions | |---|---|---|---|---| | GmbH | €25,000 | €12,500 (50%) | Before Handelsregister filing | Permitted (triggers higher registration fee of €360) | | UG (haftungsbeschränkt) | €1 | 100% of stated capital | Before Handelsregister filing | NOT permitted (§5a GmbHG) | | AG | €50,000 | 25% (€12,500) | Before registration | Permitted (independent valuation required) |
UG profit retention rule
25% of annual net profit must be retained as reserves until €25,000 is accumulated, at which point the UG may convert to GmbH (§5a Abs. 3 GmbHG).§5a Abs. 3 GmbHG
Costs Breakdown
| Cost Component | GmbH (EUR) | UG (EUR) | Notes | |---|---|---|---| | Notary fee (Musterprotokoll) | €115--€300 | €60--€150 | Based on GNotKG; scales with capital | | Notary fee (custom Satzung) | €470--€1,500 | €300--€800 | VC-ready structures at higher end | | Handelsregister fee | €225 | €225 | €360 if in-kind contributions | | Gewerbeanmeldung | €15--€65 | €15--€65 | Municipality-dependent | | Share capital deposit | €12,500 (min.) | €1 (min.) | Stays in company as working capital | | Steuerberater (initial setup) | €500--€1,500 | €500--€1,500 | Tax registration and ELSTER | | **Total (excl. capital)** | **€1,300--€3,600** | **€800--€2,800** | |
Annual Maintenance
| Item | Cost (EUR) | |---|---| | IHK membership | €150--€500/year (minimum assessment) | | Berufsgenossenschaft | From €100/year | | Steuerberater | €2,000--€10,000/year | | Bundesanzeiger (financial statement publication) | €50--€200 | | Handelsregister changes | €90--€180 per entry |
Post-Formation Compliance
| Obligation | Deadline | Authority | |---|---|---| | Jahresabschluss (annual financial statements) | Within 6 months of year-end (11 months for small GmbH) | Bundesanzeiger (publication) | | Offenlegung (disclosure) | Within 12 months of year-end | Bundesanzeiger | | Körperschaftsteuererklärung (corporate tax return) | 31 July of following year (extended to Feb with Steuerberater) | Finanzamt | | Gewerbesteuererklärung (trade tax return) | 31 July of following year | Finanzamt / municipality | | Umsatzsteuervoranmeldung (VAT returns) | Monthly or quarterly | Finanzamt | | Gesellschafterliste (shareholder list) | Update and file with Handelsregister on any change | Handelsregister | | Transparenzregister | Update within 14 days of beneficial ownership changes | Transparenzregister |
Required documents
- Handelsregisterauszug (commercial register extract) - Gesellschaftsvertrag (articles of association) - Notarised appointment of Geschäftsführer - ID (passport/Personalausweis) for all directors and shareholders (25%+) - Proof of address for all beneficial owners - Business plan or description of activities
Traditional banks
Traditional banks: 2--4 weeks (KYC process)
Neo-banks
Neo-banks (Qonto, Penta/Qonto, Finom): 1--5 days
i.G. stage note
Note: account can be opened in "GmbH i.G." stage before Handelsregister entry
Foreign Founder Considerations
| Question | Answer | |---|---| | Non-resident Geschäftsführer allowed? | Yes -- no residency requirement | | Minimum German-resident director? | No legal requirement (but practical for banking and tax) | | Video notarisation for foreigners? | Available since 2022 for cash-only formations; requires EU-compatible eID | | Apostille requirements | Foreign documents require apostille or legalisation + certified German translation | | Physical presence required? | Not strictly; power of attorney (Vollmacht) accepted for notary appointment | | Foreign ownership restrictions | None for GmbH; specific sectors (defence, critical infrastructure) may require approval under AWV |
R-DE-F1 -- UG with €1 capital and no plan
While legally possible, forming a UG with only €1 capital is impractical. Banks may refuse to open accounts, and the entity cannot cover basic operating costs. Always advise a minimum of €2,000--€5,000 for credibility and operations.R-DE-F1
R-DE-F2 -- Trading before Handelsregister entry
The GmbH does not legally exist until entered in the Handelsregister. The Geschäftsführer is personally liable for obligations incurred during the 'i.G.' period. Flag this risk clearly.R-DE-F2
R-DE-F3 -- Missing Transparenzregister filing
Since 2021, automatic transfer from Handelsregister no longer applies. Failure to file with Transparenzregister can result in fines up to €150,000.R-DE-F3
R-DE-F4 -- Sacheinlage in UG
In-kind contributions (Sacheinlage) are prohibited for UG formations under §5a GmbHG. Only cash contributions are permitted.R-DE-F4, §5a GmbHG
R-DE-F5 -- Ignoring Berufsgenossenschaft
Registration with the Berufsgenossenschaft is mandatory even if the GmbH has no employees. Non-registration is an Ordnungswidrigkeit.R-DE-F5
Timeline
| Step | Duration | Cumulative | |---|---|---| | Draft articles / Musterprotokoll | 1--5 days | Day 1--5 | | Notary appointment | 1--7 days | Day 2--12 | | Open bank account (i.G.) and deposit capital | 1--3 weeks | Day 9--33 | | Notary files with Handelsregister | 1 day | Day 10--34 | | Handelsregister entry | 1--3 weeks | Day 17--55 | | Gewerbeanmeldung | 1--3 days | Day 18--58 | | Tax registration (ELSTER) | 2--6 weeks | Day 32--100 | | Transparenzregister | 1--2 days | Day 33--102 | | **Ready to trade** | | **~4--8 weeks** |
Rendered from the canonical facts model. General reference only — confirm with a qualified professional before acting.
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